BROMYARD AND WINSLOW

Bromyard Cottage Hospital SO 655 547 100520 now Schallenge House

Bromyard Cottage Hospital opened in 1869 with five beds having been established by public subscription. It expanded in 1885 with the addition of a new wing with an operating theatre. Financial difficulties led to its closure in 1917, after which it was converted to a private house (named Schallenge House by the 1970s). Roughly symmetrical, mock-Tudor style two storey building, with projecting gabled end bays sporting oriel windows. Rough cast with stone dressings to principal windows. [Sources: Herefordshire Through Time website.]

Bromyard Hospital (Bromyard Union Workhouse) SO 670 541 now Enderby House and Linton Court

Bromyard Union Workhouse was built in 1836, the plans drawn up by George Wilkinson on the cruciform plan with entrance to the north. It could accommodate 120 paupers. Additions to the rear were built in 1895-6 to designs by by A. Hill Parker. It was all converted to flats, known as Linton Court, ‘the stone larded in the thickest cream rendering’, in the words of the Pevsner Guide. [Sources: Pevsner Architectural Guide, Herefordshire, 2012, p.144: workhouses.org.uk.]

Bromyard Community Hospital, Linton Lane SO 654 543

Designed by Abbey Hanson Rowe Partnership, 1989 and built to replace the former Bromyard Hospital that was located well to the east of the town in adapted workhouse buildings. The new community hospital is a low rise brick building with hipped roofs, some with gablets. It has 14 beds in general use, expandable to 24 if required. It was built on the site of Froome Bank, latterly a children’s home, but originally a private house that had been taken over as a convalescent home by the 1920s.

The hospital is low-rise and built into the hillside so that it is single-storey on the north and two storeys to the rear on the south. Red brick, pitched and gambrel roofs, and a roof-ridge ventilator with pyramidal cap that recalls Victorian ventilation turrets.

Bromyard Isolation Hospital, Burley SO 671 530

Established by 1902, and comprising just three buildings of which one appears to be still extant as Woolner House (which it had become by the 1970s). This is presumably the hospital established by Bromyard Rural District Council for smallpox. It was of temporary construction, with just four beds.[Ministry of Health, Hospital Survey The Hospital Services of the West Midland Area, 1945, p.56.]

BURGHILL

St Mary’s Hospital (Hereford County and City Lunatic Asylum) SO 482 432 100207 partly demolished

A small asylum was built in association with the general infirmary in Hereford in 1799 for 13 lunatics (demolished around 1870). Then, after the Lunatic Asylums Act of 1845, which made the provision of asylums for pauper lunatics mandatory, a union was formed between the counties of Monmouth, Hereford, Brecon and Radnor and the City of Hereford and a county asylum was built north of Abergavenny in 1849-52. The union was dissolved in 1868, after which Hereford City and County built this asylum to the north-west of Hereford.

The new asylum was completed in 1871 to plans by Robert Griffiths of Stafford drawn up around 1868. It was designed on the corridor plan for 400 patients, with central administration department and ward wings to either side. A covered way linked to the medical superintendent’s house on the western end of the main range.

A major extension to the asylum was carried out in 1899-1901. Giles, Gough and Trollope, well-established hospital architects, were commissioned in 1896 to prepare plans for an additional 150 beds for 100 females and 50 male patients, and to extend the dining hall, chapel, kitchen and laundry. The plans were approved in 1897 by the Commissioners in Lunacy. The patients’ new accommodation lay to the south-east of the original range, connected by covered ways. The eastern block was the smaller, for male patients, and single storeyed. That to the west for women was of two storeys. They were built of red brick with yellow brick and stone dressings, decorated with yellow brick banding, slate roofs, tall chimneys and octagonal louvred ventilators. Sanitary towers were at the back, rather than on the ends. Verandas on the south side were added in 1914 for tubercular patients.

An isolation hospital was built in 1910-11 with 6 beds near the south-eastern boundary of the site, G. H. Jack, architect. The asylum’s building committee had contemplated erecting a temporary iron hospital but found the relative cost compared to a brick-built hospital were small enough to warrant a more permanent structure. Plans were drawn up around 1908-9, and as well as small wards for three patients of each sex, the building had a kitchen, accommodation for nursing staff and a kitchen maid, and a small day-room ‘for administrative use’. It also had its own separate laundry (most of the cases tended to be diarrhoea or colitis), and mortuary. By the early 1990s the isolation hospital was derelict.

The former asylum was transferred to the NHS, and changed its name to St Mary’s Hospital (presumably after the parish church of St Mary). After closure around 1994 the site was redeveloped for housing. From 1998 most of the hospital buildings were demolished. The Pevsner Guide was particularly critical of the destruction: ‘The impressive three-storey Italianate centre, hall with chapel above, flanked at the SE end by two symmetrically placed towers, was stupidly demolished, keeping only the five-bay entrance building (now St Mary’s House) at its NW end.’ Two long sections of the two-storey wings were also retained, the south-west female wing connected by an arcade to the medical superintendent’s house. The former Isolation Hospital was adapted to form South Cottages.

The general style of the old hospital was adopted for the larger of the new houses built c.2000, -red brick with buff-coloured dressings and band courses that produced the characteristic ‘streaky bacon’ style typical of the later nineteenth century. The Pevsner Guide found the housing well laid out within the Victorian landscaping.[Pevsner Architectural Guide, Herefordshire, 2012, p.157.]

EARDISLEY

Nieuport Sanatorium SO 319 520 Converted house, house extant

Established by Herefordshire County Council as a sanatorium for tuberculosis, adapting the existing Newport House, north-west of the village of Almeley. The house was built in 1719 and was bought by the Council in 1919. It closed in 1953 when it was purchased by a Latvian community. In 1996 it reverted to a private home. [Herefordshire Archive Service.]

HEREFORD

Hereford County Hospital (Hereford Union Workhouse) SO 515 402 100205 parts demolished

The present County Hospital incorporates fragments of Hereford Union Workhouse, built in 1836-7 on a standard cruciform plan for 250 paupers drawn up by John Plowman Junior of Oxford.

In 1876 the Guardians were authorised to spend £1,300 on a new infirmary for sick male paupers, together with a similar infirmary for females, these were added to either side of the main building. Perhaps the wings for which William Chick was the architect noted in the Pevsner Guide as added around 1862. A detached chapel was built in 1880, designed by Capel N. Tripp of Gloucester in simple lancet style. [Pevsner Architectural Guide, Herefordshire, 2012, p.317.]

In 1901 a competition was held for a new infirmary and administration block, that was won by E. H. Lingen Barker of Hereford and Wells & Anderson of Swansea.[The Builder, 7 Sept 1901, p.213; Building News, 6 Sept. 1901, p.315.] The new infirmary may have been the wing built to the north, backing on to Johnson’s Hospital. (Johnson’s Hospital, was an almshouse, rather than a medical facility, it was rebuilt after the war but has since been demolished, making way for the present Stonebow Unit.) An isolation hospital had built to the south-east of the main building by 1904, and in 1905 a boiler house and chimney were built (W. W. Robinson, architect). [The Builder, 26 Aug. 1905, p.242; 23 Sept. 1905, p.333 and 12 Oct 1905, p.430.]

The workhouse changed its name to Longfield Buildings, presumably after the Local Government reforms of 1929, but this may have just been for the former workhouse range. In 1937 tenders were invited for a modern hospital building with separate VD clinic, mortuary and nurses’ home on the site of St Guthlac’s Priory to the north-west of the main building. W. Usher of Hereford provided the plans, and the cost was estimated at £68,836.

In 1939 Emergency Medical Scheme huts were built on the ground to the south-east of the hospital – and south of the small isolation ward. Tenders were awarded to W. H. Peake & Son of Hereford by H. M. Office of Works. [The Builder, 29 Sept. 1939, p.513.] With the expansion of the workhouse to provide both a modern hospital range and the EMS huts it developed into a county general hospital, and thence become the District General for the area under the NHS. One of the earliest additions to the site for the NHS was a nurses’ Home of 1954, Donald A. Goldfinch architect. In 1974 a pathology building was erected, and the Stonebow Unit for psychiatric patients was added in 1985. In recent years the remnants of the workhouse were refurbished with funding from Bulmers, the cider makers, and the building was subsequently known as Fred Bulmer House.

The present main building was a PFI project, built in 1999-2001, W. S. Atkins Healthcare as architects. It has a cruciform plan, with four internal courtyards, ‘huge, synthetic looking’ – according to the Pevsner Guide – of three storeys, in brick with white cladding above and a monopitch projecting roof. The new chapel is lit by abstract stained glass, while the entrance includes a window from the former General Hospital (see below) by Powell & Sons of 1937. Further artworks include a bronze-resin statue ‘In the Swim’ by Everard Meynell of 2002 in one of the courtyards, and ‘Apple’ a stainless steel sculpture by Ian Berrill of 2004 in the north-east car park. [Herefordshire, p.317.]

Hereford General Hospital (Hereford General Infirmary) SO 514 394 100203 converted to housing

Hereford Infirmary was originally built as a voluntary hospital in 1781-3, attributed to William Parker, architect, and was subsequently enlarged on several occasions. It closed c.2003.

Hereford General Infirmary was one of a small number of voluntary hospitals built in England in the eighteenth century outside London. It occupied a fine site overlooking the River Wye gifted by Lord Oxford. It was founded in March 1776 and initially occupied temporary accommodation at 42 Eign Street. The purpose-built hospital was commenced in 1781 and opened on 15 August 1783. A guide to Hereford from 1796 found the infirmary ‘commodious and elegant’. It originally comprised a three-storey nine bay range with advanced pedimented centre, flanked by single-storey wings that linked to square pavilions. [Historic Building Report, K. A. Morrison, 1992 Historic England Archives, BF 100203: Pevsner Guide, Herefordshire, 2012, p.317.]

The first additions were made in 1833-4 with new wards to north and south following a bequest of £10,000 from John Morris of Kington in 1831. Additional ground was purchased in 1865 and a lodge built. At the same time the grounds were laid out. At about this time the hospital had been criticised by Dr Bristowe as overcrowded, badly ventilated, ill-lit and insanitary. He recommended numerous improvements that were later carried out, including a new staircase at the south end of the hospital, the combination of two pairs of male wards to make larger wards, the erection of sanitary blocks, and general improvements to the ventilation, lighting and drainage. [Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, Appendix ‘Report by Dr John Syer Bristowe and Mr Timothy Holmes on the Hospitals of the United Kingdom’, 1863.]

A further new ward block was built in 1882 to designs by F. R. Kempson of Hereford and Llandaff. This was the Hawkins Ward, with 28 beds, on the female side of the infirmary. It was named after its benefactor, who also funded the erection of a new porch in front of the main building in 1887. The porch and the Victoria Wing were both built to designs by Kempson, the latter constructed in 1887-8, raising the bed compliment to 107.

Two isolation wards were added in 1897, Nicholson & Hartree, architects.[The Builder, 12 Sept 1896, p.220.] These were probably on the south-east corner of the hospital, visible on the 1903 OS map. There were more additions around this time: a mortuary, and additions to the laundry amongst them. The hospital doubled in size between 1888 and 1903, but this was not the end of the extensions. A nurses’ home was planned during the First World War and built afterwards in 1920, Nicholson & Clarke, architects.

One of the larger extensions was designed by the hospital specialists Adams, Holden & Pearson and built in 1929 comprising two wards, an outpatients’ department, and kitchens. The hospital was also still taking cases of infectious diseases in the inter-war years and in 1932 a six-bed cubicle isolation block was erected, along with an extension to the nurses’ home (Nicholson & Clarke were again the architects here). [See Hereford Focus on YouTube for a film made about the hospital in 2002 before it closed.]

Tupsley Hospital (Hereford Infectious Diseases Hospital) SO 534 395 100209 demolished

Established by Hereford Town Council, initially to provide a temporary hospital in case of an outbreak of cholera. Canvas tents and fittings were ordered to be ready for erection on the site at Tupsley in the Autumn of 1892. [Worcester Journal, 10 Sept. 1892, p.6.] In February 1893 outbreaks of smallpox in the area were worrying the council and the Hereford Board of Guardians, who took steps to consult an architect about building an infectious hospital in the workhouse grounds. [Gloucester Citizen, 20 Feb. 1893, p.3.] The Tupsley hospital was discussed at the meeting, by which time it had been decided that an iron building should be erected. It was nearly completed by April 1893, at a cost of around £600 including fittings but not furniture. Tents would supplement the iron building if required. [Hereford Journal, 8 April 1893, p.3.] The hospital was evidently used for smallpox cases, but proved inadequate to also provide for other infectious diseases.

Tupsley Hospital was described in 1945 as a wooden building with 24 beds that could be crowded to 32 beds. It was owned by Hereford Borough, but was by this date unsuitable for more than two disease groups at any one time. The Medical Officer of health was both the administrator of the hospital and in clinical charge of it. The Borough also owned the nearby smallpox hospital – to the north-east of Tupsley Hospital – also ‘temporary and out of date’ by the mid-1940s. It had just 8 beds. [Ministry of Health, Hospitals Survey, Hospital Services of the West Midland Area, 1945, p.56.]

Proposals were made in 1896 to extend the hospital, and that a permanent hospital should be provided in the longer term. [Gloucester Chronicle, 9 May 1896, p.5.]

Victoria Eye Hospital (Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital) SO 505 400 100206 converted to housing

This handsome stock-broker-Tudor-style hospital was designed by the local architect, E. H. Lingen Barker and opened in 1889. The builders were Stephens and Bastow of Bristol. Although the style was described as to be ‘Queen Anne’ in the Building News, perhaps the design changed as there does not seem to be anything Queen Anne-ish about the hospital as built, beyond the red bricks. [Building News, 30 Aug. 1889, p.305.] It was originally symmetrical, with just the two gabled end bays book-ending the centrepiece with round-arched entrance and oriel above (see map below).

In August 1889 the Building News published a description of the internal layout of the building:

A central corridor 7ft. wide running from side to side of the building is the key to the plan.  The ground-floor of the right wing is occupied by the kitchen department, the dining-room, day-room, and matron’s room.  On the left-hand side of the main entrance are the secretary’s office, waiting-room, out-patients’ bathroom, dispensary, board-room, and surgeon’s room.  The staircase is almost opposite the main entrance, and the upper floor is divided into two sections of equal size for male and female patients.  The principal ward for males, which contains four beds, is situated above the board-room, and that for females, having a like number of beds, over the kitchen.  Smaller wards to contain two beds each are provided.  Upon this floor are also placed bath-rooms and other conveniences for both sexes, divided off from the corridors by intercepting ventilation lobbies, glazed partitions, with automatically self-closing doors.  Small bedrooms for the nurses are provided next the large wards with inspection windows.  Means of access to a leaded roof over the day-room are provided from the upper corridor, which is similar in proportions to the lower one.  The window sashes are fitted with Waygood’s patent self-locking fasteners, and the principal doors have Bigg’s brass tubular locks, and Tucker’s patent flushbolt locks, and Boyle’s exhaust vents are used on the roofs . .[Building News, 30 Aug. 1889, p.305.]

The hospital expanded over the years, including after transfer to the NHS. At that time it had 20 beds and was described as occupying ‘oldish adapted buildings with a newly extended out-patient department, on a pleasant site in the outskirts of Hereford.’ [Ministry of Health, Hospital Survey, 1945, p.55.] It closed in 2002 and has since been converted to housing.

HOLME LACY

Holme Lacy Hospital SO 554 349

The mansion house of Holme Lacy was gifted to Herefordshire County Council in 1929. It was been adapted for use as a hospital for ‘mental defectives’ alongside a training college in 1934.

KINGTON

Kington Cottage Hospital (Victoria Cottage Hospital) SO 300 569 100516 converted to youth hostel

Now Kington Youth Hostel. The Victoria Cottage Hospital at Kington was established to commemorate Queen Victoria’s Jubilee in 1887. It was designed by E. K. Purchase and opened on 19 July 1888. The building contractor was Henry Wishlade. A commemorative brick indicates that the bricks came from the Hampton Park Brickworks in Hereford.

The hospital originally had seven beds in three wards: a three-bedded ward and a single room on the ground floor; and a three-bedded ward on the upper floor. Some time between 1902 and 1927, the hospital was extended to the east and west. In 1911 the hospital had 8 beds and in 1939 this had increased to 10. A casualty and outpatients’ department was built in 1954 after the hospital had transferred to the NHS and in 1979 the operating theatre was converted into a three-bedded ward. [Mary G. Fenner, Victoria Cottage Hospital, Kington, n.d.: K. A. Morrison, Hospital Report, BF 100516 Historic England Archives: Herefordshire Through Time, Hospitals]

Kington Union Workhouse SO 298 558 100515 demolished

Kingswood Union Workhouse was a standard cruciform plan workhouse for 180 paupers built in 1837 to plans drawn up by H. J. Whitling. It was rebuilt as a nursing home around 1962 retaining some of the original masonry for the gable walls. Only the detached infirmary, to the south of the main workhouse range, was still standing in the 1990s, then known as the Ashmore Unit. It was built in 1901 to designs by the architect C. T. Delafosse, and during the First World War was used as a Red Cross Hospital. The workhouse passed to Herefordshire Council in 1930.[The Builder, 2 Feb. 1901, p.124.] It was a single storey block of red brick with a hipped slate roof. [K. A. Morrison Hospital Report December 1992, BF 100515, Historic England Archives: workhouses.org.]

LEDBURY

Ledbury Cottage Hospital SO 709 380 100286 converted to housing

The former cottage hospital was converted to apartments and business studios in 2009. It was opened in 1891, replacing an earlier building on the other side of the road, which was in a ‘well-built house’ that opened around 1872. The original hospital had two large rooms on the ground floor, suitable for a dayroom and boardroom, as well as the kitchens. Upstairs there were two more large rooms that served as wards, plus a room for the matron and an operating room. [The Builder, 8 March 1873, p.191.]

The new building was purpose-built, funded by Michael Biddulph M.P. and opened by his wife, Lady Elizabeth. It was extended in the 1920s and 30s, and transferred to the NHS in 1948. The NHS replaced one of the existing buildings at the north end of the site with a new physiotherapy department. The hospital closed in 2002. [Information from Bob Embleton on Geograph, and RCHME hospital report BF 100286.]

Ledbury Union Workhouse (Belle Orchard House) SO 708 380 part demolished

The central part of the former workhouse has been demolished, and bits of the other ranges converted into housing, but little sense of its original form has been preserved. It was built for 150 paupers in 1836 to plans by George Wilkinson. After transfer to Herefordshire County Council it became known as Belle Orchard House. It did not transfer to the NHS, but became a council-run home for the elderly. [workhouses.org.]

LEOMINSTER

Leominster Community Hospital (Leominster Cottage Hospital) SO 496 585 100518

Remarkably, the cottage hospital is still an NHS hospital, its main front relatively little altered.

The original cottage hospital was designed by Ernest G. Davies and built in 1898-9.[The Builder, 13 Aug. 1898, pp.156, 160; 3 Dec 1898, p.517.] It comprised two separate buildings connected by a covered way: a nurses’ home to the west, or front of the site, and a ward block to the rear with five beds. The foundation stone on the façade of the nurses’ home notes that it was laid by Miss Wood of Ryelands on 24 November 1898, and gives the hospital chairman’s name, J. B. Dowding, and the architect. A new wing was designed in 1929 by J. Budd & Sons. [The Builder, 17 May 1929, p.928.] The boundary wall remains, and the hospital itself comprising a front range with two canted bays, half-timbered gables with bargeboards and terracotta decoration. The ward block to the rear was demolished to make way for a new hospital which opened in 1991 to form the present community hospital. The nurses’ home also survive as of the early 1990s with extensions of c.1929. [K. A. Morrison Hospital Report 1992, BF 100518 Historic England Archives: Pevsner Architectural Guide, Herefordshire, 2012, p.461.]

Old Priory Hospital (Leominster Union Workhouse) SO 499 593 BF 100517 converted to a YHA hostel

Leominster Union Workhouse was built to the north of the priory church of St Peter and St Paul on the east side of the former cloister and incorporated a range of 15th-century priory buildings, probably the former infirmary. The monastic range had been turned into a workhouse in 1759. Following the creation of Leominster Union the earlier range became part of a cruciform workhouse built to designs by George Wilkinson in 1836-8. There are designs for a detached infirmary by E. Blakenay Smith dated 1840 in Herefordshire County Record Office. [HRO A58/6.] It is unclear if this was built, but it would have been one of the earliest detached workhouse infirmaries documented. A 20th-century ward block was built to the south of the main workhouse range, abandoned by the early 1990s and standing empty. [K. A. Morrison, Hospital Report 1992 BF 100517, Historic England Archives: workhouses.org.]

ROSS-ON-WYE

Dean Hill Hospital (Ross Union Workhouse, Ross-on-Wye Community Hospital) SO 602 241 100521 part demolished

Ross Union Workhouse was built 1872-3 following plans by Haddon Brothers of Hereford and Great Malvern.[The Builder, 18 May 1872, p.381.] The workhouse comprised a main building and several detached blocks on a small irregular site. The administrative offices and receiving wards were to the west of the main entrance on Alton Street, with an infirmary and fever wards to the east. The main range in the centre of the site followed the corridor plan favoured from the 1840s-70s. To its west were the dining hall, kitchen and laundry and to its east a schoolroom. A casual ward block was on the north side. A new board room and guardians offices were built in 1900-4 designed by Arthur H. Pearson.

The casual block may have been of later date than 1872. It comprised a two-storey range attached to a single-storey range containing tramp cells. The two-storey block probably contained the attendant’s or labour master’s office and living quarters, a bathroom, a disinfector, a clothes store and possibly an associate ward or dormitory.  The single-storey range would have had sleeping cells on one side of a central corridor and labour cells on the other side.  The corridor was apparently lit by lights above the roof of the labour cells.  As elsewhere, the tramps were probably expected to break stone in return for a night’s lodging.[K. A. Morrison, Hospital Report 1994, BF 100521 Historic England Archives.]

The Pevsner Guide describes the present community hospital on this site as ‘an odd confection’ built in 1995-7 to designs by Greg Blunt of Framework, architects. Only the boardroom range was retained – itself an addition to the original workhouse of 1904, designed by A. H. Pearson. The 1990s buildings are of two-storeys, of brick with broad gables, with ‘occasional outbreaks of grey artificial stone in Postmodern Ionic’. The motif was picked up in the glazed entrance’s vestibule as ionic pilastered (ill-proportioned, according to the Guide). Near the entrance outside is an ammonite shell sculpture of red sandstone by Simon Thomas of 1998. [Pevsner Architectural Guide, Herefordshire, 2012, pp.573-4. See also workhouses.org.]

Ross-on-Wye Cottage Hospital SO 605 241 100184 demolished

The Dispensary and Cottage Hospital in Ross-on-Wye was built in 1879 to designs by Haddon Brothers. The building contractors were W. & J. Crow. [The Builder, 11 Jan. 1879, p.60.] It was mostly two storeys high, constructed of red brick. On the west side was a polygonal sanitary annexe, not part of the original plan but added some time in the early 1900s. A large dayroom was later added to the south side, amongst other single-storey additions.[K. A. Morrison Hospital Report December 1992, BF 100184, Historic England Archives.]

The hospital was transferred to the NHS in 1948 and was still in use in the early 1990s, but closed in 1997 when the new community hospital was built on the site of the former workhouse (see above). Goodrich Court, retirement housing, has been built on the site.

STRETTON SUGWAS

Stretton Nursing Home (Hereford and Weobley RDC Isolation Hospital, Stretton Sugwas Hospital) SO 471 438 100208 part demolished

Hereford and Weobley Rural District Council built an isolation hospital at Stretton Sugwas in 1903-4 to designs by Ernest G. Davies. it comprised an administration block, an eight-bed ward block, a discharge block and a service block. These were all still standing in the early 1990s. The building contractor was Charles Cooke. [The Builder, 4 July 1903, p.27: The Hospital, 13 May 1905, p.127.] There were plans to add a second ward block, but this was not done. The buildings were of red brick with buff coloured brick dressings. The admin block was disused by the early 1990s. It would have provided accommodation for the nurses and a caretaker with sitting rooms, kitchen etc. and four bedrooms.

The Hospital in 1905 described the interior of the ward block: `The inside of the walls are covered with silicon plaster; all the corners have been rounded off, and all mouldings, architraves, and projections of all kinds have been studiously avoided.  The warming is carried out by the best of all means – open fireplaces.  The window space is ample for both light and ventilation, and some of the windows are made with a section opening inwards.  The floors of this pavilion block are of cement concrete’. [The Hospital, 13 May 1905, p.127.]

In the 1930s three further ward blocks were added, probably for TB cases, with timber verandas. By the mid-1940s the hospital had 42 beds. By the early 1990s the original buildings had been extended and refurbished to create a nursing home.[K. A. Morrison, Hospital Report 1992 BF 100208, Historic England Archives.]